692-744 The empire continues to expand till about 740, and internal peace is broken only by Khariji revolts (increasingly extensive) and occasional scares raised by Shi'is ('Alid partisans); the administration is consolidated and regularized; a 'pious opposition' to Umayyad rule, of many shades of opinion, centers at Medina and is increasingly inclined to support the 'Alid claims raised at Kufah

692-705 'Abd al-Malik undisputed caliph, Arabizes the administration (696, Arabic coinage); Hajjaj b. Yusuf at Wasit (694-714), as his lieutenant in the former Sasanian provinces, bloodily suppresses dissenting Arab movements, encourages economic development 

698 Arabs take Carthage

705-715 Walid I, caliph, conquest of Spain and Sind, and first conquest of Transoxania.

706 The great mosque in Damascus

711-714 Arabs overrun Spain

712 Arabs cross the Jaxartes and advance to Kashgar

713 Arabs invade Indus Valley and take Multan

715-717 Sulayman, caliph, fails to take Constantinople in 717 and permits the 'southern' Arabs (Kalb and allies) to triumph over the 'northern' Arabs (Qays and allies, among them Hajjaj's men), intensifying feuds among the Arab soldiery

717-720 'Umar II b. 'Abd al-'Aziz, caliph, whose piety, of the new Medina type, conciliates even Shi'is and Kharijis; he encourages admission to the ruling class by cnversion, and attempts an 'Islamic' solution to the problem of taxation on converts' land

720-724 Yazid II, caliph

724-743 Hisham, last great Syrian Umayyad caliph, organizes the administration for efficiency; Transoxania is subdued, but the Shi'is become restless in the Iraq, the Kharijis everywhere.

732 Arabs defeated by Franks in Gaul near Tours or Poitiers

739-742 Berber anti-Arab revolt in North Africa

743 Zayd, an 'Alid, revolts at Khufah

743-744 Walid II, caliph. John of Damascus (d. c. 760), major Greek Christian theologian, associated with the Umayyad court in Damascus

744-750 The third fitnah civil wars: a dissident Umayyad force led by Marwan II, destroys Syrian Umayyad power and suppresses three other rebellions representing groups of the 'pious opposition' till it is overthrown by a fourth fitnah, the 'Abbasi, which reunites the empire.