1199-1216 John I King of England; lost territories in France

1202-1241 Waldemar II, the Conqueror, King of Denmark; conquers Lauenburg and Norway, Estonia and Courland.

1204 Establishment of the Byzantine Empire of Nicaea under Theodore I Lascaris.

1205 Bulgarian Kingdom defeats the Latin Kingdom of Constantinople at Adrianople.

1205-1235 King Andreas II of Hungary.

1209 John excommunicated by Pope Innocent III

1209-1229 The Albigensian Wars in southern France.

1211 Beginning of construction of Reims Cathedral.

1214 Treaty of Metz, Frederick II surrendered German territories east of the Elbe to Waldemar II of Denmark.

1215 the Magna Carta

1216-1272 Henry III King of England.

1219 St. Sava establishes the Serbian Orthodox National Church.

1222 King Andreas issues the "Golden Bull": the high nobility and clergy granted protection vs confiscation of estates, taxation and arrest; given unrestricted power over the estates of the lower nobility.

1223-1226 King Louis VIII of France; he took Poitou and Saintonge from the English in (1224) and conquered Avignon (1226) and Languedoc.

1226 Golden Bull of Rimini: the Teutonic Knights were instructed by the Holy Roman Emperor to conquer the heathen Prussians.

1226 Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II agrees in the Treaty of San Germano to lead a crusade, and did so in 1227 however turned back from crusade because of an epidemic, and excommunicated by Pope Gregory IX.

1230 Livonian Knights [Order of the Brethren of the Sword] take Livonia and Kurland.

1235 Establishment of Bulgarian Patriarchate.

1237 Livonian Knights unite with Teutonic Knights, advance toward Novgorod.

1238 Seizure of Valencia by James I of Aragon

1241 Collapse of Hungary under Mongolian assault after defeat at Sajo river.

1241 Mongol invasion of Poland and victory at battle of Liegnitz; but Mongols withdraw afterwards.

1246 Byzantine Nicaean Emperor John III Vatatzes occupies Thessalonia.

1253-1278 King Ottokar II of Bohemia--pinnacle of Bohemian power; obtained Austria, Styria, parts of Clovakia, Carinthia and Carniola as parts of his kingdom; killed in the battle of Marchfeld.

1258-1282 Byzantine Nicaean Emperor Michael III Paleologus ends Latin rule of Baldwin II in 1261.

1259 The treaty of Paris, ending the Albigensian Wars.

1259 The Provisions of Oxford: 15 barons to counsel the king and control the administration

1259 Founding of the trade league of Lubeck, Hamburg, Wismar, Rostock.

1261 Extension of Genoese influence to the Levant [Kaffa, Tana], allied with the Nicaean Empire.

1265 Simon de Montfort expanded the English Council of the Barons and created the 1st Parliament.

1273 Rudolf of Hapsburg elected German monarch over Ottokar II of Bohemia

1274 Death of Thomas Aquinas, fighter against Latin Averoism

1280 Death of Albertus Magnus.

1282 Sicilian Vespers--Peter III of Aragon obtains Sicily.

1283 Teutonic order completes conquest of Prussia, converts inhabitants to Christianity.

1284 Victory of Genoa over Pisa; seize Corsica, Elba, Sardinia.

1284 Edward I of England annexes Wales which became the principality of the English crown prince.

1285-1314 Philip IV the Fair of France.

1290 Jews ordered expelled from England.

1294 Death of Roger Bacon.

1295 In England, the Model Parliament; the Commons met jointly with the barons.

1297 In England, confirmation of the right of Parliament to approve taxation and customs duties.

1297 French occupation of Flanders.

1300-1326 ? Russian Orthodox Metropolitanate moved from Kiev to Moscow.

1302 Pope Boniface VIII issues the Bull 'Unam Sanctam', which spelled out papal claims for supremacy over secular rulers.

1303 Treaty of Paris by which Edward I of England had to cease support of Flanders.

1304 Execution of William Wallace in England, had led a popular uprising.

1306 Jews ordered expelled from France.

1307 Dissolution of the Knights Templars in France.

1309 Transfer of papacy to Avignon, beginning the 'Babylonian Captivity'.

1321 Death of Dante.

1328 Death of Charles IV of France, by which the Capetian family became extinct. According to the Salic Law [male succession], the House of Valois succeeded.

1328 Victory of Ivan I Kalita [Moneybag] over Tver, becomes Grand Prince of Moscow.

1330 Victory of Serbia over Bulgarians and Greeks at Kustendil; becomes dominant power in Balkans.

1336 Death of Giotto

1339 Beginning of 100 Years War by Edward III of England.

1346-1350 Black Death.

1346 English victory over French at Crecy.

1346 Teutonic Knights take Estonia.

1346 Stephen Dushan [Urosh IV], crowned 'Tsar of the Serbs and Greeks' at Skopje and established the Serbian Patriarchate.

1347 English capture Calais from French; becomes base of English actions vs. French.

1348-1349 Jews expelled from Germany, go to Poland.

1348 Establishment of first German university.

1349 Death of William of Occam.

1349 Byzantines occupy Epirus.

1349-1350 Black Death in England

1358 League 'van den dudeschen hanse [of the German hanse].

1362 Olgerd of Lithuania defeats Tatars at battle of the Blue Water.

1374 Death of Petrarch

1375 Death of Boccaccio