1127-1279 The Southern Sung Dynasty in China; by paying tributes, able to retain independence up to time of Mongol invasions.

1192-1333 The Kamakura Shogunate in Japan.

1206 Aibak, elevated to position of general by slaves, made himself Sultan of Delhi.

1211-1215 Genghis Khan's invasion of the Ch'in Empire, which he systematically devastated.

1215 Peking taken.

1221 Ghengis Khan advances to the Indus River.

1233-1234Mongols and the Sung Dynasty conclude alliance to subjugate and partition the Ch'in empire.

1259Kublai becomes Grand Khan [to 1294]; moves capital to Cambaluc [1264][Yenching/Peking]; uses Persian architects, court officials; roads, canals built.

1261 Kublai attempts during his reign to expand to Burma, Champa [S. Vietnam]; sends expeditions against Java, Japan.

1268-1279 Kublai conquers Sung Empire. Establishes the Yuan Dynasty and as Emperor Shih-Tsu reigned over a vast empire.

1270 Yunnan province added to Chinese empire, becomes Muslim.

1292 Polos leave China.

1300s Civil service examination system and Hanlin academy restored.

1325 Famine in China; 8 million of 45 million Chinese died

ca. 1330 Greatest extension of the Delhi Sultanate under Mohammed Ibn Tughluk [the '2nd Alexander'; conquest of S. India [Deccan].

ca. 1340 The Hindu Empire of Vijayanagar became the independent center of resistance to Islam

1360s Timur rises to power in Transoxania

1368 Mings expel Mongols from Cambaluc [Yenching/Peking].