Muslim Reform Movements, 18th to 20th Centuries


Arabia
Reform teaching in Mecca and Medina

Wahhabiya - founded by Muhammad b. 'Abd. al-Wahhab (1703-92); allied with Ibn Sa'ud       create Sa'udi state

Idrisiya - founded in Mecca by Ahmad b. Idris (d. 1837)
 

Caucasus
Naqshbandiya - 1785-present, anti-Russian resistance
Inner Asia
Naqshbandiya - reform-oriented Sufi tariqa leads Muslim resistance to Russia and China

New teaching, 1761-1877  -  offshoot of Naqshbandiya, late eighteenth- and late nineteenth-century resistance to Chinese rule

Khwajas and Ya'qub Beg - holy Muslim lineage, formerly rulers of Kashgar, attempt to establish a Muslim state, defeated by China in 1878

Yunnan, 1856-73  -- rebellion against Chinese rule and effort to establish a Muslim state

usul-i jadid  - Kazan, Crimean, and Bukharan intellectuals, notably Isma'il Gasprinski (1851-1914), sponsor new schools, combined Muslim and Russian education; modernization of Muslim peoples

India
Shah Waliallah (1703-62)

Shah 'Abd al-'Aziz (1746-1824)

Muhammad Isma'il (1781-1851)

Sayyid Ahmad Barelwi (1785-1831)

                                                                                                                                            Meccan influences
unites Pathans to resist British and Sikhs
                                                                                                                                            Fara'idi (Bengal);
                                                                                                                                            1818-45 anti-Hindu
                                                                                                                                            and anti-British
                    Patna-Maulana Walayat 'Ali
       Maulana Karamat 'Ali         ahl-i hadith
                                                                                                   Titu Mir (Bengal)
                                    Delhi School
            Deoband - founded 1876.  Muslim
                college combined hadith studies
                and Sufism and spawned
                satellite schools

            Tablighi Islam - founded 1927 by
                Mawlana Muhammad Ilyas

Southeast Asia

Padri Movement - Sumatra 1803-37
Dipanegara leads revolt on java, 1825-30
Banten, West Java revolts, nineteenth century
Kaum Muda - Sumatra and Malaya movement for reform and modernization
Acheh - 1873-1908 'ulama'-led resistance to Dutch occupation
Muhammadiya - 1912; educational and social reform
Egypt and North Africa
Salafiya - founded by Muhammad 'Abduh (d. 1905), influenced islah and national movements in North Africa; tunisia, Young Tunisians;  algeria, Ben Badis;  Morocco, 'Allal al-Fasi
'Abd al-Qadir - Qadiriya chieftain attempts to establish Algerian state, defeated by the French
Rahmaniya - religious brotherhood uses networks of zawiyas in Algeria and Tunisia to resist French occupation
Tijaniya - reform Sufi order inspires West and North African jihad and resistance movements
Khalwatiya - reformist Sufi Brotherhood
Sanusiya - reformist brotherhood creates "state" structure in Libya, founded by Muhammad b. 'ali al-Sanusi (d. 1859); resists Italian occupation
East Africa
Idrisiya spawned Rashidiya in Algeria; Amirghania in Sudan and Nubia; Sanusiya in Libya
Sudan - Sammaniya gives rise to Muhammad b. Ahmad al-Mahdi (d. 1898)
Somalia - Muhammad 'Abdallah Hasan leads resistance to British, 1899 - 1920
West Africa
Jihad of 'Uthman Don Fodio (1754-1817) - Northern Nigerian reformist opposition to Hausa states
Sokoto Caliphate (1809-1903) and related jihads n Adamawa and Masina
Al-Hajj 'Umar (1794?-1864) - jihad state in region of Mali and Senegal
Bundu, Futa Jallon, and Futa Toro, reform Muslim states in the Senegambian region
Ma Ba - nineteenth-century jihad in Senegal
Samory (1860s-98) - Muslim adventurer founds West African State