April 22-24


New University designed and built by Fassati Brothers; view from Sea of Marmara, ca. 1900.
On the left is the Mosque of Ahmet I; on the right is a minaret of Hagia Sophia

Please read either Lewis or Berkes.  Answer one question. Due Sunday April 20.  Read also Ochsenwald/Fisher, pp. 247-256.

1. What were the main changes that Mahmud introduced that moved the Ottoman Empire from what Berkes calls the medieval state to
the beginnings of a modern state?

2. According to Lewis, what was the West's impact on the Ottoman Empire and when did it take place?

3.. How did the Ottoman elite view the West in the 18th century? Before and after the French Revolution?

• Bernard Lewis , "The Impact of the West," from his The Emergence of Modern Turkey . Study guide for Lewis .
• Niyazi Berkes , "Foundations of a Secular State," from his The Development of Secularism in Turkey. Study guide for Berkes .